HTLV infection in persons with sexually transmitted diseases in Spain.

Background: HTLV-1 infection is a neglected disease, despite estimates of 10 million people infected worldwide and producing life-threatening illnesses in 10% of carriers. Sexual transmission is the main route of contagion. However, HTLV-1 is not listed among sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods: Serum from all consecutive individuals who had attended six STI clinics across Spain during the last 12 months were tested for HTLV antibodies using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Reactive samples were confirmed by immunoblot. Results: A total of 2,524 samples were examined. The majority (1,936; 76.7%) belonged to men, of whom 676 (34.9%) were men who have sex with men (MSM) receiving HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Although native Spaniards predominated (1,470; 58.2%), up to 593 (23.5%) came from Latin America and 139 (5.5%) were African. A total of 26 individuals were initially EIA reactive and immunoblot confirmed 5 as HTLV-1 and 7 as HTLV-2. All but one HTLV-1+ case came from Latin America. Three were men and two were women. Among Latin Americans, the HTLV-1 seroprevalence was 0.67%. In contrast, all seven HTLV-2+ were native Spaniards and former injection drug users, and all but one were HIV+. Conclusion: The rate of HTLV infection among individuals with STIs in Spain is 0.5%, which is greater than in the general population. These results support the introduction of universal HTLV screening in persons who attend clinics for STIs.

HTLV infection in blood donors from Mato Grosso do Sul state: a closer look at HTLV screening in Brazilian blood banks.

Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection has a worldwide distribution and currently, more than 2.5 million individuals have been infected in Brazil. The study aimed to investigate HTLV infection prevalence among blood donors in Mato Grosso do Sul, characterizing seroepidemiological profiles of HTLV-1/2 positive individuals and evaluating the blood bank's HTLV screening system. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among blood donors from Mato Grosso do Sul state (MS)-Central Brazil, between January to December 2021. The information was obtained from databases, samples from the collection of HEMOSUL, and active searching, with the completion of laboratory analyses. 35,278 blood donors were screened for anti-HTLV-1/2 by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CMIA). Among them, 78 were initially reactive for anti-HTLV-1/2 (2.21/1000). Out of 78, 67 returned to the blood center to collect a second sample for retesting with a second screening with CMIA. After confirmation, 8 samples were indeterminate, and 8 were confirmed as positive for HTLV antibodies. New tests were performed for the 8 positive samples, and 6 were confirmed as HTLV-1 infection (0.17/1,000), one as negative, and one as indeterminate. The present study describes the low prevalence of HTLV infection in blood donors from MS and contributes to the definition of the regional infection profile. The prevalence found in this study (0.017%-0.17/1000) shows to be a much lower value than the rates reported in other states in Brazil. We highlight the need for confirmatory testing for those seropositive donors in screening assays and the need for adequate counseling and patient management for those confirmed HTLV individuals.

Antigenicity of subregions of recombinant bovine leukemia virus (BLV) glycoprotein gp51 for antibody detection.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an enveloped virus, found worldwide that can infect cattle and induce many subclinical symptoms and malignant tumors. BLV infection causes severe economic losses in the cattle industry. The identification of BLV-infected cattle for segregation or elimination would be the most effective way to halt the spread of BLV infection on farms, owing to the lack of effective treatments and vaccines. Therefore, antibody detection against the viral glycoprotein gp51 is an effective method for diagnosing BLV-infected animals. In this study, ten different subregions of gp51 containing a common B cell epitope are vital for developing antigens as epitope-driven vaccine design and immunological assays. Such antigens were produced in Escherichia coli expression system to react with antibodies in the serum from BLV-infected cattle and compete for antigenicity. Recombinant His-gp5156-110 and gp5133-301(full) had the same sensitivity in BLV-positive sera, indicating that antibodies responded to the limited subregion of viral gp51, a common B cell epitope. This finding provides significant information for antigen selection in BLV to use in antibody detection assays. Further studies are needed to evaluate the antigenicity of His-gp5156-110 and gp5133-301(full) as antigens for antibody detection assays using a larger number of bovine serum samples.

HTLV, a multi organ oncovirus.

Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that has been recognized as a causative agent of two crucidal diseases, HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and Adult T cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL). The virus not only induces those diseases in a small proportion of HTLV-I carriers (3-5%) but also it is associated with other diseases such as HTLV-I-Associated Arthropathy (HAAP), Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma (CTCL), Graves' disease, uveitis, polymyositis, chronic respiratory diseases, lymphadenitis and dermatitis. Furthermore, HTLV related and accelerated disorders were more investigated, and the factors that might implicate in the development or progression of diseases have been discussed. We founded 13 categories of non-associated disease in studies such as Reproductive Disorders, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), non -ATLL lymphoma, Co-infection, non-HAM/TSP neurological associated disease, non ATLL cutaneous associated disease, Autoimmune-Inflammatory related disease, Kidney disease, Liver disease, Respiratory disease, TB disease and Thyroid disease. With regard to the reviewed studies suggested HTLV-I disorders can divide into three manifests; related, accelerated and associated disease. However, interaction between HTLV-I infection and host immune response was complicated and vague. Some infectious patients indicated the involvement of inflammatory response of immune system, but in other individuals function of anti-inflammatory elements was observed. For a better understanding of this classification, more systematic studies should be designed and need to provide a global network to control and prevent HTLV affiliated diseases.

Diagnostic accuracy of Abbott Architect Assay as a screening tool for human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 and type-2 infection in a London teaching hospital with a large solid organ transplant centre.

AIM: In the United Kingdom, organ donors/recipients are screened for evidence of human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 and type-2 (HTLV-1/2) infections. Since the United Kingdom is a low prevalence country for HTLV infections, a screening assay with high sensitivity and specificity is required. Samples with repeat reactivity on antibody testing are sent to a reference lab for confirmatory serological and molecular testing. In the case of donor screen, this leads to delays in the release of organs and can result in wastage. We aim to assess whether a signal/cut-off (S/CO) ratio higher than the manufacturer's recommendation of 1.0 in the Abbott Architect antibody assay is a reliable measure of HTLV-1/2 infection. METHODS: We conducted a 5 year retrospective analysis of 7245 patients from which 11 766 samples were tested on the Abbott Architect rHTLV I/II assay. Reactive samples (S/CO >1) were referred for confirmatory serological and molecular detection (Western Blot and proviral DNA) at UK Health Security Agency, (formerly PHE, Colindale), the national reference laboratory. Electronic, protected laboratory and hospital patient databases were employed to collate data. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients had initially reactive samples. 42.2% (n = 19/45) had an S/CO ratio > 20, with HTLV infection confirmed in n = 18/19 and indeterminate confirmatory results in n = 1/19. No samples with an S/CO ratio <4 (48.9%, n = 22/45) or 4-20 (8.9%, n = 4/45) had positive confirmatory results on subsequent confirmatory testing. CONCLUSION: Samples with an S/CO >20 likely represent a true HTLV-1/2 infection. Reactive samples with an S/CO <4 were unlikely to confirm for HTLV infections. Interpretation of these ratios can assist clinicians in the assessment of low reactive samples and reiterates the need for faster access to confirmatory testing.

Cytolytic Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses Expressing STLV-1 Receptor Specifically Eliminate STLV-1 Env-Expressing Cells in an HTLV-1 Surrogate Model In Vitro.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes serious and intractable diseases in some carriers after infection. The elimination of infected cells is considered important to prevent this onset, but there are currently no means by which to accomplish this. We previously developed "virotherapy", a therapeutic method that targets and kills HTLV-1-infected cells using a cytolytic recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV). Infection with rVSV expressing an HTLV-1 primary receptor elicits therapeutic effects on HTLV-1-infected envelope protein (Env)-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) is closely related genetically to HTLV-1, and STLV-1-infected Japanese macaques (JMs) are considered a useful HTLV-1 surrogate, non-human primate model in vivo. Here, we performed an in vitro drug evaluation of rVSVs against STLV-1 as a preclinical study. We generated novel rVSVs encoding the STLV-1 primary receptor, simian glucose transporter 1 (JM GLUT1), with or without an AcGFP reporter gene. Our data demonstrate that these rVSVs specifically and efficiently infected/eliminated the STLV-1 Env-expressing cells in vitro. These results indicate that rVSVs carrying the STLV-1 receptor could be an excellent candidate for unique anti-STLV-1 virotherapy; therefore, such antivirals can now be applied to STLV-1-infected JMs to determine their therapeutic usefulness in vivo.

[HTLV on the government agenda: the case of the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil]. / HTLV na agenda de governo: o caso da Bahia e de Minas Gerais, Brasil.

HTLV is a retrovirus that affects the human T-lymphocytes. Transmission is bloodborne, sexual, or mother-to-child. Most infected persons are asymptomatic carriers, but some may develop severe cases such as tropical spastic paraparesis, leukemia/lymphoma, and other manifestations. Brazil is considered the country with the highest absolute number of cases, with an estimated 800,000 infected individuals. This article aimed to investigate and analyze the process of inclusion of HTLV on the government agenda in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, and which impacted health sector actions and policies. Interviews were held with key actors, and a document search was performed for analysis, using as the main reference the Multiple Streams framework proposed by John Kingdon. Various factors contributed to the theme's inclusion on the health sector agenda in Bahia, the state of Brazil with the widest range of policies on HTLV, involving high prevalence of the infection, a favorable political context, and activism by infected individuals. In Minas Gerais, we observed difficulties in the implementation of this health sector policy; due to the lack of organized advocacy groups, the problem was not a priority in the state's Health Departments. In the current context, individuals with HTLV infection and other stakeholders still have a long road ahead with social mobilization for investments in the area, drafting and implementation of public policies, and guarantee of social rights.

O HTLV é um retrovírus que afeta os linfócitos T humanos. Sua forma de transmissão é por via hematogênica, sexual ou vertical. A maioria das pessoas infectadas são portadores assintomáticos, porém, algumas podem vir a desenvolver quadros graves como a paraparesia espástica tropical, leucemia/linfoma, dentre outras manifestações. O Brasil é considerado o país com o maior número absoluto de casos, com estimativa de 800 mil infectados. Este artigo teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar o processo de introdução do HTLV na agenda governamental nos estados da Bahia e Minas Gerais, que repercutiu em ações e políticas setoriais. Foram realizadas entrevistas com atores-chave e pesquisa documental, e para análise utilizamos como principal referencial o modelo Múltiplos Fluxos de John Kingdon. Constatamos que vários fatores contribuíram para inclusão do tema na agenda da Bahia, estado com maior abrangência das políticas voltadas ao HTLV, tais como alta prevalência da infecção, contexto político favorável e militância de indivíduos vivendo com HTLV. Em Minas Gerais observamos dificuldades para implementação de política setorial e que a inexistência de grupos organizados reverteu negativamente para que o problema não fosse uma prioridade para as Secretarias de Saúde no estado. Na atual conjuntura, indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV e outros atores envolvidos com o tema ainda possuem um longo caminho a percorrer na mobilização social para investimentos na área, para a formulação e implementação de políticas públicas e conquista de direitos sociais.

El HTLV es un retrovirus que afecta los linfocitos T humanos. Su forma de transmisión es por vía hematógena, sexual o vertical. La mayoría de las personas infectadas son portadores asintomáticos, sin embargo, algunas pueden llegar a desarrollar cuadros graves como la paraparesia espástica tropical, leucemia/linfoma, entre otras manifestaciones. Brasil es considerado el país con el mayor número absoluto de casos, con una estimación de 800.000 infectados. El objetivo de este artículo fue conocer y analizar el proceso de introducción del HTLV en la agenda gubernamental, dentro de los estados de Bahía y Minas Gerais, que tuvo repercusiones en acciones y políticas sectoriales. Se realizaron entrevistas con actores clave, así como investigación documental, y para el análisis utilizamos como principal marco de referencia el modelo Corrientes Múltiples de John Kingdon. Constatamos que varios factores contribuyeron a la inclusión del tema en la agenda de Bahía, estado con un mayor alcance respecto a las políticas dirigidas al HTLV tales como: alta prevalencia de la infección, contexto político favorable y militancia de individuos infectados. En Minas Gerais observamos dificultades para la implementación de una política sectorial, así como la inexistencia de grupos organizados, lo que revirtió negativamente para que el problema no fuese una prioridad para las Secretarías de Salud en el estado. En la actual coyuntura, individuos infectados por el HTLV y otros actores implicados con este asunto todavía tienen un largo camino que recorrer en la movilización social, para que se realicen inversiones en el área, así como para la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas y conquista de derechos sociales.

Silencioso e negligenciado: o que se sabe após quatro décadas do descobrimento do HTLV-1? / Silent and neglected: what is known after four decades of the discovery of the HTLV-1? / Silencioso y descuidado: ¿qué se sabe después de cuatro décadas del descubrimiento del HTLV-1?

O vírus linfotrópico T humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) foi o primeiro retrovírus humano descoberto, descrito pela primeira vez há 41 anos. Esse retrovírus está associado ao desenvolvimento de duas doenças graves: a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL) e a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as atualizações sobre o HTLV-1, destacando os aspectos clínicos, os avanços e as limitações no tratamento e na prevenção da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa, por meio de coleta de dados nas plataformas PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, entre março e abril de 2021. Foram incluídos 61 artigos de diferentes países. O Brasil foi o país com maior número de publicações na área: 12. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existem avanços importantes no que diz respeito ao tratamento e à prevenção da infecção pelo HTLV-1. No entanto, a falta de estudos específicos sobre o vírus, que abordem os aspectos clínicos da infecção, foi um fator limitante para este estudo, o que reforça a necessidade de investimento em novas pesquisas sobre o tema.

The Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus discovered, described for the first time 41 years ago. This retrovirus is associated with the development of two serious diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). This study aimed to analyze the updates about HTLV-1, highlighting the clinical aspects, advances, and limitations in the treatment and prevention of HTVL-1 infection. To this end, an integrative review was carried out, with data collection on PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO platforms, between March and April 2021. A total of 61 articles from different countries were included. Brazil was the country with the largest number of publications in the area: 12. The results showed effective advances regarding treating and preventing HTLV-1 infection. However, the lack of specific studies about the virus, which address the clinical aspects of the infection, was a limiting factor for this study, which reinforces the need for investment in new research about this topic.

El virus linfotrópico T tipo 1 humano (HTLV-1) fue el primer retrovirus humano descubierto y se describió por primera vez hace 41 años. Este retrovirus está asociado con el desarrollo de dos enfermedades graves: leucemia/linfoma de células T del adulto (ATLL) e mielopatía asociada a HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las actualizaciones sobre HTLV-1, destacando los aspectos clínicos, los avances y limitaciones en el tratamiento y prevención de la infección por HTLV-1. Para ello, se realizó una revisión integradora, a través de la recolección de datos en las plataformas PubMed, LILACS y SciELO entre marzo y abril de 2021. Se incluyeron 61 artículos de diferentes países. Brasil fue el país con mayor número de publicaciones en el área: 12. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que existen avances efectivos en cuanto al tratamiento y prevención de la infección por HTLV-1. Sin embargo, la falta de estudios específicos sobre el virus que aborden los aspectos clínicos de la infección fue un factor limitante para el presente estudio, lo que refuerza la necesidad de invertir en nuevas investigaciones sobre este virus.

Short Communication: Impact of COVID-19 on Case Reporting for HTLV and HIV-2 in Spain.

The medical demand imposed by COVID-19 has distracted proper care of other illnesses. Herein, we report the impact on new diagnoses of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HIV-2 in Spain, where these infections are mostly driven by immigration flows from endemic regions. As expected, case reporting declined for all three retroviral infections with respect to prior years. Furthermore, late presentations were more common. The two major reasons for these observations were significant declines in the arrival of foreigners from endemic regions and a shift in medical resources to prioritize COVID-19.

A new diagnostic algorithm using biopsy specimens in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: combination of RNA in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR for HTLV-1.

Histopathological distinction between adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and other T-cell neoplasms is often challenging. The current gold standard for the accurate diagnosis of ATLL is the Southern blot hybridization (SBH) assay, which detects clonal integration of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) provirus. However, SBH cannot be performed with small biopsy or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples because this assay requires a large amount of DNA without degradation. Here we developed a new diagnostic algorithm for the accurate diagnosis of ATLL using FFPE samples. This method combines two HTLV-1 detection assays, namely, ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization using RNAscope for HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ-RNAscope), and quantitative PCR targeting the tax gene (tax-qPCR). We analyzed 119 FFPE tissue specimens (62 ATLL, and 57 non-ATLL, including 41 HTLV-1 carriers) and compared them with the SBH results using the corresponding fresh-frozen samples. As a result, tax-qPCR had a higher ATLL identification rate than HBZ-RNAscope (88% [52/59], and 63% [39/62], respectively). However, HBZ-RNAscope clearly visualized the localization of HTLV-1-infected tumor cells and its identification rate increased to 94% (17/18) when the analysis was limited to samples up to 2 years old, indicating its usefulness in the daily diagnosis. The diagnostic algorithm combining these two assays successfully evaluated 94% (112/119) of samples and distinguished ATLL from non-ATLL cases including HTLV-1 carriers with 100% sensitivity and specificity. This method is expected to replace SBH and increase the accuracy of the diagnosis of ATLL.

HTLV na agenda de governo: o caso da Bahia e de Minas Gerais, Brasil / HTLV on the government agenda: the case of the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil / HTLV en la agenda de gobierno: el caso de Bahía y Minas Gerais, Brasil

O HTLV é um retrovírus que afeta os linfócitos T humanos. Sua forma de transmissão é por via hematogênica, sexual ou vertical. A maioria das pessoas infectadas são portadores assintomáticos, porém, algumas podem vir a desenvolver quadros graves como a paraparesia espástica tropical, leucemia/linfoma, dentre outras manifestações. O Brasil é considerado o país com o maior número absoluto de casos, com estimativa de 800 mil infectados. Este artigo teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar o processo de introdução do HTLV na agenda governamental nos estados da Bahia e Minas Gerais, que repercutiu em ações e políticas setoriais. Foram realizadas entrevistas com atores-chave e pesquisa documental, e para análise utilizamos como principal referencial o modelo Múltiplos Fluxos de John Kingdon. Constatamos que vários fatores contribuíram para inclusão do tema na agenda da Bahia, estado com maior abrangência das políticas voltadas ao HTLV, tais como alta prevalência da infecção, contexto político favorável e militância de indivíduos vivendo com HTLV. Em Minas Gerais observamos dificuldades para implementação de política setorial e que a inexistência de grupos organizados reverteu negativamente para que o problema não fosse uma prioridade para as Secretarias de Saúde no estado. Na atual conjuntura, indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV e outros atores envolvidos com o tema ainda possuem um longo caminho a percorrer na mobilização social para investimentos na área, para a formulação e implementação de políticas públicas e conquista de direitos sociais.

HTLV is a retrovirus that affects the human T-lymphocytes. Transmission is bloodborne, sexual, or mother-to-child. Most infected persons are asymptomatic carriers, but some may develop severe cases such as tropical spastic paraparesis, leukemia/lymphoma, and other manifestations. Brazil is considered the country with the highest absolute number of cases, with an estimated 800,000 infected individuals. This article aimed to investigate and analyze the process of inclusion of HTLV on the government agenda in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, and which impacted health sector actions and policies. Interviews were held with key actors, and a document search was performed for analysis, using as the main reference the Multiple Streams framework proposed by John Kingdon. Various factors contributed to the theme's inclusion on the health sector agenda in Bahia, the state of Brazil with the widest range of policies on HTLV, involving high prevalence of the infection, a favorable political context, and activism by infected individuals. In Minas Gerais, we observed difficulties in the implementation of this health sector policy; due to the lack of organized advocacy groups, the problem was not a priority in the state's Health Departments. In the current context, individuals with HTLV infection and other stakeholders still have a long road ahead with social mobilization for investments in the area, drafting and implementation of public policies, and guarantee of social rights.

El HTLV es un retrovirus que afecta los linfocitos T humanos. Su forma de transmisión es por vía hematógena, sexual o vertical. La mayoría de las personas infectadas son portadores asintomáticos, sin embargo, algunas pueden llegar a desarrollar cuadros graves como la paraparesia espástica tropical, leucemia/linfoma, entre otras manifestaciones. Brasil es considerado el país con el mayor número absoluto de casos, con una estimación de 800.000 infectados. El objetivo de este artículo fue conocer y analizar el proceso de introducción del HTLV en la agenda gubernamental, dentro de los estados de Bahía y Minas Gerais, que tuvo repercusiones en acciones y políticas sectoriales. Se realizaron entrevistas con actores clave, así como investigación documental, y para el análisis utilizamos como principal marco de referencia el modelo Corrientes Múltiples de John Kingdon. Constatamos que varios factores contribuyeron a la inclusión del tema en la agenda de Bahía, estado con un mayor alcance respecto a las políticas dirigidas al HTLV tales como: alta prevalencia de la infección, contexto político favorable y militancia de individuos infectados. En Minas Gerais observamos dificultades para la implementación de una política sectorial, así como la inexistencia de grupos organizados, lo que revirtió negativamente para que el problema no fuese una prioridad para las Secretarías de Salud en el estado. En la actual coyuntura, individuos infectados por el HTLV y otros actores implicados con este asunto todavía tienen un largo camino que recorrer en la movilización social, para que se realicen inversiones en el área, así como para la formulación e implementación de políticas públicas y conquista de derechos sociales.

Frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques.

BACKGROUND: Simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) is disseminated among various non-human primate species and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Notably, the prevalence of STLV-1 infection in Japanese macaques (JMs) is estimated to be > 60%, much greater than that in other non-human primates; however, the mechanism and mode of STLV-1 transmission remain unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the epidemiological background by which STLV-1 infection is highly prevalent in JMs. RESULTS: The prevalence of STLV-1 in the JMs rearing in our free-range facility reached up to 64% (180/280 JMs) with variation from 55 to 77% among five independent troops. Anti-STLV-1 antibody titers (ABTs) and STLV-1 proviral loads (PVLs) were normally distributed with mean values of 4076 and 0.62%, respectively, which were mostly comparable to those of HTLV-1-infected humans. Our initial hypothesis that some of the macaques might contribute to frequent horizontal STLV-1 transmission as viral super-spreaders was unlikely because of the absence of the macaques exhibiting abnormally high PVLs but poor ABTs. Rather, ABTs and PVLs were statistically correlated (p < 0.0001), indicating that the increasing PVLs led to the greater humoral immune response. Further analyses demonstrated that the STLV-1 prevalence as determined by detection of the proviral DNA was dramatically increased with age; 11%, 31%, and 58% at 0, 1, and 2 years of age, respectively, which was generally consistent with the result of seroprevalence and suggested the frequent incidence of mother-to-child transmission. Moreover, our longitudinal follow-up study indicated that 24 of 28 seronegative JMs during the periods from 2011 to 2012 converted to seropositive (86%) 4 years later; among them, the seroconversion rates of sexually matured (4 years of age and older) macaques and immature macaques (3 years of age and younger) at the beginning of study were comparably high (80% and 89%, respectively), suggesting the frequent incidence of horizontal transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Together with the fact that almost all of the full-adult JMs older than 9 years old were infected with STLV-1, our results of this study demonstrated for the first time that frequent horizontal and mother-to-child transmission may contribute to high prevalence of STLV-1 infection in JMs.

Treatment of aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a retrospective study in a hospital located in HTLV-1 highly endemic area.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm associated with the human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1); prognosis still remains very poor. We retrospectively reviewed the treatment of 198 patients with acute-, lymphoma- and unfavorable chronic-type ATL (aggressive ATL) diagnosed from 2005 to 2014 in a hospital located in an area of Japan in which HTLV-1 is highly endemic. One-hundred forty-three, and 35 patients were treated using OPEC/MPEC and VCAP-AMP-VECP, respectively. OPEC/MPEC was mainly used until around 2010, and gradually switched to VCAP-AMP-VECP, especially for younger patients. The 2-year overall survival for patients treated by VCAP-AMP-VECP was significantly higher than that using OPEC/MPEC for patients < 70 years old (y.o.), but not for patients ≥ 70 y.o. A less intensive chemotherapy OPEC/MPEC could be performed without reducing dose intensity, even in elderly patients, and its therapeutic outcome is not inferior to that of VCAP-AMP-VECP. It is difficult to draw definite conclusion from this small retrospective study; however, OPEC/MPEC may represent an alternative option for elderly patients with aggressive ATL.

Uncommon Association Between Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Thyrotoxicosis, Cutaneous Abscess and Acute Pericarditis in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Single Case Report and Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: The typical factors precipitating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) include infections (30%), cessation of antidiabetic medication (20%), and a new diagnosis of diabetes (25%). The etiology remains unknown in 25% of cases. Less frequent causes cited in the literature include severe thyrotoxicosis and, infrequently, pericarditis. Few publications have described the role of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Based on a clinical case associated with several endocrine and metabolic disorders, we suggest a potential role for HTLV-1, an endemic virus in the Amazonian area, and review the literature concerning the role of this virus in thyroiditis, pericarditis and diabetes mellitus. CASE REPORT: A fifty-year-old Surinamese woman without any medical history was admitted for diabetic ketoacidosis. No specific anti-pancreatic autoimmunity was observed, and the C-peptide level was low, indicating atypical type-1 diabetes mellitus. DKA was associated with thyrotoxicosis in the context of thyroiditis and complicated by nonbacterial pericarditis and a Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneous abscess. The patient was infected with HTLV-1. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this uncommon association is described for the first time. Few studies have analyzed the implications of HTLV-1 infection in thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus. We did not find any reports describing the association of pericarditis with HTLV-1 infection. Additional studies are necessary to understand the role of HTLV-1 in endocrine and cardiac disorders.

STLV-1 as a model for studying HTLV-1 infection.

Few years after HTLV-1 identification and isolation in humans, STLV-1, its simian counterpart, was discovered. It then became clear that STLV-1 is present almost in all simian species. Subsequent molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated that, apart from HTLV-1 subtype A, all human subtypes have a simian homolog. As HTLV-1, STLV-1 is the etiological agent of ATL, while no case of TSP/HAM has been described. Given its similarities with HTLV-1, STLV-1 represents a unique tool used for performing clinical studies, vaccine studies as well as basic science.

Infección experimental en ovinos con el virus de leucosis bovina: dosis mínima de células BLV-FLK y virus libre de células, y actividad neutralizante de anticuerpos naturales / Experimental infection of sheep with Bovine leukemia virus (BLV): Minimum dose of BLV-FLK cells and cell-free BLV and neutralization activity of natural antibodies

Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an important cattle pathogen that causes major economic losses worldwide, especially in dairy farms. The use of animal models provides valuable insight into the pathogenesis of viral infections. Experimental infections of sheep have been conducted using blood from BLV-infected cattle, infectious BLV molecular clones or tumor-derived cells. The Fetal Lamb Kidney cell line, persistently infected with BLV (FLK-BLV), is one of the most commonly used long-term culture available for the permanent production of virus. FLK-BLV cells or the viral particles obtained from the cell-free culture supernatant could be used as a source of provirus or virus to experimentally infect sheep. In this report, we aimed to determine the minimum amount of FLK-BLV cells or cell-free supernatant containing BLV needed to produce infection in sheep. We also evaluated the amount of antibodies obtained from a naturally-infected cow required to neutralize this infection. We observed that both sheep experimentally inoculated with 5000 FLK-BLV cells became infected, as well as one of the sheep receiving 500 FLK-BLV cells. None of the animals inoculated with 50 FLK-BLV cells showed evidence of infection. The cell-free FLK-BLV supernatant proved to be infective in sheep up to a 1:1000 dilution. Specific BLV antibodies showed neutralizing activity as none of the sheep became infected. Conversely, the animals receiving a BLV-negative serum showed signs of BLV infection. These results contribute to the optimization of a sheep bioassay which could be useful to further characterize BLV infection.

Resumen El virus de la leucosis bovina (bovine leukemia virus [BLV]) es un importante agente patógeno del ganado que causa importantes pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo, especialmente en los rodeos lecheros. El uso de modelos animales proporciona información valiosa sobre la patogénesis de las infecciones virales. Se realizaron infecciones experimentales en ovejas usando sangre de bovinos infectados con BLV, clones moleculares de BLV infecciosos o células derivadas de tumores. La línea celular Fetal Lamb Kidney, persistentemente infectada con el BLV (FLK-BLV), es uno de los cultivos a largo plazo más utilizados para la producción permanente de virus. Las células FLK-BLV o las partículas virales obtenidas del sobrenadante del cultivo libre de células podrían usarse como fuente de provirus o de virus para infectar experimentalmente ovejas. En este trabajo, nuestro objetivo fue determinar la cantidad mínima de células FLK-BLV o de sobrenadante libre de células que contiene BLV necesaria para producir infección en ovejas. También evaluamos la cantidad de anticuerpos bovinos anti-BLV necesaria para neutralizar la infección. Observamos que las dos ovejas inoculadas experimentalmente con 5000 células FLK-BLV se infectaron, y que una de las dos ovejas que recibieron 500 células FLK-BLV se infectó. Ninguno de los animales inoculados con 50 células FLK-BLV mostró evidencia de infección. El sobrenadante FLK-BLV libre de células demostró ser infectivo en ovejas hasta la dilución 1:1000. Los anticuerpos BLV específicos mostraron actividad neutralizante, ya que ninguna de las ovejas se infectó. Por el contrario, los animales que recibieron un suero BLV negativo mostraron signos de infección por BLV. Estos resultados contribuyen a la optimización de un bioensayo en ovejas útil para caracterizar la infección por BLV.

HTLV: a stigmatizing infection? / HTLV: uma infecção estigmatizante?

HTLV is a virus that affects human T-cells. Brazil is the country of the world with the largest absolute number of HTLV cases. Estimates by the Ministry of Health point to 700,000 to 2 million infected Brazilians. The majority are asymptomatic carriers, but some persons may develop degenerative neurological conditions such as tropical spastic paraparesis, in addition to leukemia and lymphoma. The forms of transmission and clinical manifestations such as progressive motor incapacity, genitourinary disorders, in addition to restriction of maternal breastfeeding, impact daily life and can lead to social discrimination and stigma. The stigma denotes violation of social norms and reinforces prejudice and inequalities. This article aims to discuss the concept of stigma and its repercussions on persons living with HTLV. The discussion is based on a literature review on the theme and the authors' experience with care for persons affected by the infection and illness. The study found that both HTLV carrier status and HTLV-related illness can be stigmatizing for individuals, who feel inferior for being infected with a potentially serious and even fatal disease, although incompletely understood and loaded with derogatory stereotypes. This situation can have negative repercussions on access to health services, treatment adherence, and pursuit of rights. Public policies should help mitigate such stigmatization, ensuring the rights of individuals in a situation of vulnerability due to HTLV in order from them to live as protagonists in the exercise of their civil rights.

O HTLV é um vírus que afeta as células T humanas. O Brasil é o país com o maior número absoluto de casos de HTLV no mundo. Estimativas do Ministério da Saúde apontam entre 700 mil e 2 milhões de pessoas infectadas. A maioria são portadores assintomáticos, porém algumas pessoas podem vir a desenvolver quadros neurológicos degenerativos como a paraparesia espástica tropical, além de leucemia e linfoma. As formas de transmissão e manifestações clínicas como incapacidade motora progressiva, distúrbios geniturinários, além da restrição ao aleitamento materno impactam o cotidiano e podem ser geradores de discriminação social e estigma. O estigma denota violação das normas sociais e reforça o preconceito e as desigualdades. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o conceito de estigma e sua repercussão em pessoas que convivem com o HTLV. Trata-se de uma reflexão baseada na revisão da literatura sobre o tema e na vivência do atendimento a pessoas afetadas pela infecção e adoecimento. Constatou-se que ser portador do vírus ou adoecer em decorrência da infecção pelo HTLV pode ser estigmatizante para indivíduos que se sentem inferiorizados ao serem acometidos por uma doença potencialmente grave e até mesmo fatal, ainda pouco conhecida e carregada de estereótipos depreciativos. Essa situação pode repercutir negativamente no acesso aos serviços de saúde, na adesão ao tratamento e na busca por direitos. As políticas públicas devem contribuir para mitigar a estigmatização, assegurando o direito de indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade pelo HTLV viverem como protagonistas no exercício de sua cidadania.

El HTLV es un virus que afecta a las células T humanas. Brasil es el país con el mayor número absoluto de casos de HTLV en el mundo. Las estimaciones del Ministerio de Salud indican que existen entre 700 mil y 2 millones de personas infectadas. La mayoría son portadores asintomáticos, sin embargo, algunas personas pueden llegar a desarrollar cuadros neurológicos degenerativos como la paraparesia espástica tropical, además de leucemia y linfoma. Las formas de transmisión y manifestaciones clínicas como incapacidad motora progresiva, disturbios genitourinarios, además de la restricción en la lactancia materna, tienen un impacto en las personas afectadas y pueden causar discriminación social y estigma. El estigma denota una violación de las normas sociales y refuerza el prejuicio y las desigualdades. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir el concepto de estigma y su repercusión en personas que conviven con el HTLV. Se trata de una reflexión basada en la revisión de la literatura sobre el tema y en la vivencia de la atención a personas afectadas por la infección y enfermedad. Se constató que ser portador del virus o enfermar, a consecuencia de la infección por el HTLV, puede ser estigmatizante para individuos que se sienten subestimados al ser atacados por una enfermedad potencialmente grave e incluso fatal, todavía poco conocida y cargada de estereotipos despreciativos. Esta situación puede repercutir negativamente en el acceso a los servicios de salud, en la adhesión al tratamiento y en la búsqueda de derechos. Las políticas públicas deben contribuir a mitigar la estigmatización, asegurando el derecho de los individuos en situación de vulnerabilidad por el HTLV para que vivan como protagonistas en el ejercicio de su ciudadanía.

Isolation of the Arawete and Asurini Indians keeps the tribes free from HTLV infection during 36 years of follow-up.

Arawete and Asurini Indian tribes were revisited after a 36-year follow-up in search of HTLV infections. 46 persons (23 from each tribe) were tested for HTLV-1/2 antibodies and viral DNA. None were positive; this was probably because of their social/cultural isolation from neighboring tribes where HTLV-2c is hyperendemic.